Personal pronouns
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The pronoun 'sie' is found in both the singular and the plural, its meaning is indicated by the finite verb and the context.
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Sie ist Journalistin.
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= She is a journalist. |
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Sie ist heute krank.
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= She is ill today. |
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Sie waren im Urlaub in Deutschland.
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= They were on holiday in Germany. |
The pronoun 'Sie' always begins with a capital letter and is a polite form for strangers and adults in formal situations. 'Sie' can refer to one or more people.
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Sind Sie Herr Meyer?
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= Are you Mr Meyer? |
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Setzen Sie sich bitte!
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= Please sit down! |
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Wie heißen Sie?
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= What is your name? |
Personal pronouns replace the nouns in a sentence. The sentence is thereby made shorter, and repetitions of the nouns are avoided. The pronoun must 'agree' with the gender of the noun which it replaces.
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Die Katze ist sehr schön. Sie heißt Clara.
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= The cat is very beautiful. She is called Clara. |
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Der Schrank ist sehr modern. Er kostet 250 EUR.
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= The cupboard is very modern. It costs 250 Euros. |
Personal pronouns are declined in the dative and accusative.
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Nominativ
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ich
I
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du
you
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er
he
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sie
she
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es
it
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wir
we
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ihr
you
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sie
they
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Sie
You
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Dativ
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mir
to me
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dir
to you
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ihm
to him
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ihr
to her
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ihm
to him
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uns
us
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euch
you
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ihnen
to them
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Ihnen
To them
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Akkusativ
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mich
me
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dich
you
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ihn
him
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sie
she/they
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es
it
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uns
us
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euch
you
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sie
she/they
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Sie
You
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Schön dich kennen zu lernen.
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= Nice to meet you. |
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Wir haben uns nie gesehen.
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= We have never seen each other. |
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Wie geht es dir?
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= How are you doing? |
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Mir geht es gut.
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= I'm doing well. |
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Mein Rücken tut mir weh.
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= My back hurts. |
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns denote possession. Forms:
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Possessive pronouns are declined and have the following endings:
| maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
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Nominativ
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— | -e | - | -e |
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Genitiv
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—es | -er | -es | -er |
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Dativ
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—em | -er | -em | -en |
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Akkusativ
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—en | -e | - | -e |
e.g.
| maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
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Nominativ
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mein Tisch
my table
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unsere Lampe
our lamp
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euer Bett
your bed
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seine Stühle
his chairs
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Genitiv
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meines Tisches
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unserer Lampe
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eures Bettes
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seiner Stühle
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Dativ
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meinem Tisch
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unserer Lampe
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eurem Bett
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seinen Stühlen
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Akkusativ
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meinen Tisch
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unsere Lampe
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euer Bett
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seine Stühle
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Jolana, unsere Kinder und ich freuen uns auf das Wiedersehen.
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= Jolana, our children and I look forward to meeting you again. |
The pronoun 'euer' drops the letter '-e-' from the middle when an ending is added:
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Ihr habt Kopfschmerzen. Eure Köpfe tun euch weh.
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= You have a headache. Your heads hurt. |
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronoun „dieser”, „diese”, „dieses” – „this” – refers to people or things in close proximity. It is declined in the same way as the definite article.
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The pronoun 'es'
'Es' stands for neuter nouns.
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Das Baby ist krank. Es schreit die ganze Nacht.
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= The baby is ill. It cries all night. |
'Es' is also used in various expressions:
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time Wie spät ist es?
= What time is it? Es ist 10.50 Uhr.= It is 10:50. -
times of day, seasons Es ist Nachmittag.
= It is the afternoon. Es ist Sommer.= It is summer. -
weather Es regnet.
= It is raining. Es ist kalt.= It is cold. -
state of health Wie geht es Ihnen?
= How are you doing? Mir geht es heute nicht so gut.= I am not doing too well today. -
other: Was gibt es zum Abendessen?
= What's for dinner? Es ist wichtig…= It is important... Es ist verboten…= It is forbidden...
The pronoun 'man' - 'one'
The pronoun 'man' is used when the subject is an undefined person.
'Man' always has the verb in the 3rd person singular.
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Man lebt nur einmal.
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= One only lives once. |
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Was macht man jetzt in der Türkei?
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= What does one do now in Turkey? |
'Man' is often used with modal verbs.
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Hier kann man gut essen?
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= Can one eat well here? |
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Darf man hier rauchen?
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= Is one allowed to smoke here? |
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Man soll das noch heute machen.
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= One should still do that today. |
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Man muss mehr lernen.
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= One must learn more. |