Personal pronouns
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The pronoun 'sie' is found in both the singular and the plural, its meaning is indicated by the finite verb and the context.
Sie ist Journalistin.
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= She is a journalist. |
Sie ist heute krank.
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= She is ill today. |
Sie waren im Urlaub in Deutschland.
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= They were on holiday in Germany. |
The pronoun 'Sie' always begins with a capital letter and is a polite form for strangers and adults in formal situations. 'Sie' can refer to one or more people.
Sind Sie Herr Meyer?
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= Are you Mr Meyer? |
Setzen Sie sich bitte!
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= Please sit down! |
Wie heißen Sie?
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= What is your name? |
Personal pronouns replace the nouns in a sentence. The sentence is thereby made shorter, and repetitions of the nouns are avoided. The pronoun must 'agree' with the gender of the noun which it replaces.
Die Katze ist sehr schön. Sie heißt Clara.
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= The cat is very beautiful. She is called Clara. |
Der Schrank ist sehr modern. Er kostet 250 EUR.
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= The cupboard is very modern. It costs 250 Euros. |
Personal pronouns are declined in the dative and accusative.
Nominativ
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ich
I
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du
you
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er
he
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sie
she
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es
it
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wir
we
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ihr
you
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sie
they
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Sie
You
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Dativ
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mir
to me
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dir
to you
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ihm
to him
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ihr
to her
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ihm
to him
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uns
us
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euch
you
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ihnen
to them
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Ihnen
To them
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Akkusativ
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mich
me
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dich
you
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ihn
him
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sie
she/they
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es
it
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uns
us
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euch
you
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sie
she/they
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Sie
You
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Schön dich kennen zu lernen.
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= Nice to meet you. |
Wir haben uns nie gesehen.
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= We have never seen each other. |
Wie geht es dir?
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= How are you doing? |
Mir geht es gut.
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= I'm doing well. |
Mein Rücken tut mir weh.
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= My back hurts. |
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns denote possession. Forms:
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Possessive pronouns are declined and have the following endings:
maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
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Nominativ
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— | -e | - | -e |
Genitiv
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—es | -er | -es | -er |
Dativ
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—em | -er | -em | -en |
Akkusativ
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—en | -e | - | -e |
e.g.
maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
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Nominativ
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mein Tisch
my table
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unsere Lampe
our lamp
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euer Bett
your bed
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seine Stühle
his chairs
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Genitiv
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meines Tisches
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unserer Lampe
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eures Bettes
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seiner Stühle
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Dativ
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meinem Tisch
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unserer Lampe
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eurem Bett
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seinen Stühlen
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Akkusativ
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meinen Tisch
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unsere Lampe
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euer Bett
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seine Stühle
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Jolana, unsere Kinder und ich freuen uns auf das Wiedersehen.
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= Jolana, our children and I look forward to meeting you again. |
The pronoun 'euer' drops the letter '-e-' from the middle when an ending is added:
Ihr habt Kopfschmerzen. Eure Köpfe tun euch weh.
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= You have a headache. Your heads hurt. |
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronoun „dieser”, „diese”, „dieses” – „this” – refers to people or things in close proximity. It is declined in the same way as the definite article.
maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
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The pronoun 'es'
'Es' stands for neuter nouns.
Das Baby ist krank. Es schreit die ganze Nacht.
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= The baby is ill. It cries all night. |
'Es' is also used in various expressions:
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time Wie spät ist es?
= What time is it? Es ist 10.50 Uhr.= It is 10:50. -
times of day, seasons Es ist Nachmittag.
= It is the afternoon. Es ist Sommer.= It is summer. -
weather Es regnet.
= It is raining. Es ist kalt.= It is cold. -
state of health Wie geht es Ihnen?
= How are you doing? Mir geht es heute nicht so gut.= I am not doing too well today. -
other: Was gibt es zum Abendessen?
= What's for dinner? Es ist wichtig…= It is important... Es ist verboten…= It is forbidden...
The pronoun 'man' - 'one'
The pronoun 'man' is used when the subject is an undefined person.
'Man' always has the verb in the 3rd person singular.
Man lebt nur einmal.
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= One only lives once. |
Was macht man jetzt in der Türkei?
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= What does one do now in Turkey? |
'Man' is often used with modal verbs.
Hier kann man gut essen?
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= Can one eat well here? |
Darf man hier rauchen?
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= Is one allowed to smoke here? |
Man soll das noch heute machen.
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= One should still do that today. |
Man muss mehr lernen.
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= One must learn more. |