Personal pronouns
| Singular | Plural | 
|---|---|
| 
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| 
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| 
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The pronoun 'sie' is found in both the singular and the plural, its meaning is indicated by the finite verb and the context.
| 
                                    Sie ist Journalistin.
                                             | = She is a journalist. | 
| 
                                    Sie ist heute krank.
                                             | = She is ill today. | 
| 
                                    Sie waren im Urlaub in Deutschland.
                                             | = They were on holiday in Germany. | 
The pronoun 'Sie' always begins with a capital letter and is a polite form for strangers and adults in formal situations. 'Sie' can refer to one or more people.
| 
                                    Sind Sie Herr Meyer?
                                             | = Are you Mr Meyer? | 
| 
                                    Setzen Sie sich bitte!
                                             | = Please sit down! | 
| 
                                    Wie heißen Sie?
                                             | = What is your name? | 
Personal pronouns replace the nouns in a sentence. The sentence is thereby made shorter, and repetitions of the nouns are avoided. The pronoun must 'agree' with the gender of the noun which it replaces.
| 
                                    Die Katze ist sehr schön. Sie heißt Clara.
                                             | = The cat is very beautiful. She is called Clara. | 
| 
                                    Der Schrank ist sehr modern. Er kostet 250 EUR.
                                             | = The cupboard is very modern. It costs 250 Euros. | 
Personal pronouns are declined in the dative and accusative.
| 
	            Nominativ					            
	         | 
	            ich					            
	         I | 
	            du					            
	         you | 
	            er					            
	         he | 
	            sie					            
	         she | 
	            es					            
	         it | 
	            wir					            
	         we | 
	            ihr					            
	         you | 
	            sie					            
	         they | 
	            Sie					            
	         You | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 
	            Dativ					            
	         | 
	            mir					            
	         to me | 
	            dir					            
	         to you | 
	            ihm					            
	         to him | 
	            ihr					            
	         to her | 
	            ihm					            
	         to him | 
	            uns					            
	         us | 
	            euch					            
	         you | 
	            ihnen					            
	         to them | 
	            Ihnen					            
	         To them | 
| 
	            Akkusativ					            
	         | 
	            mich					            
	         me | 
	            dich					            
	         you | 
	            ihn					            
	         him | 
	            sie					            
	         she/they | 
	            es					            
	         it | 
	            uns					            
	         us | 
	            euch					            
	         you | 
	            sie					            
	         she/they | 
	            Sie					            
	         You | 
| 
                                    Schön dich kennen zu lernen.
                                             | = Nice to meet you. | 
| 
                                    Wir haben uns nie gesehen.
                                             | = We have never seen each other. | 
| 
                                    Wie geht es dir?
                                             | = How are you doing? | 
| 
                                    Mir geht es gut.
                                             | = I'm doing well. | 
| 
                                    Mein Rücken tut mir weh.
                                             | = My back hurts. | 
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns denote possession. Forms:
| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
 | 
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Possessive pronouns are declined and have the following endings:
| maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 
	            Nominativ					            
	         | — | -e | - | -e | 
| 
	            Genitiv					            
	         | —es | -er | -es | -er | 
| 
	            Dativ					            
	         | —em | -er | -em | -en | 
| 
	            Akkusativ					            
	         | —en | -e | - | -e | 
e.g.
| maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 
	            Nominativ					            
	         | 
	            mein Tisch					            
	         my table | 
	            unsere Lampe					            
	         our lamp | 
	            euer Bett					            
	         your bed | 
	            seine Stühle					            
	         his chairs | 
| 
	            Genitiv					            
	         | 
	            meines Tisches					            
	         | 
	            unserer Lampe					            
	         | 
	            eures Bettes					            
	         | 
	            seiner Stühle					            
	         | 
| 
	            Dativ					            
	         | 
	            meinem Tisch					            
	         | 
	            unserer Lampe					            
	         | 
	            eurem Bett					            
	         | 
	            seinen Stühlen					            
	         | 
| 
	            Akkusativ					            
	         | 
	            meinen Tisch					            
	         | 
	            unsere Lampe					            
	         | 
	            euer Bett					            
	         | 
	            seine Stühle					            
	         | 
| 
                                    Jolana, unsere Kinder und ich freuen uns auf das Wiedersehen.
                                             | = Jolana, our children and I look forward to meeting you again. | 
The pronoun 'euer' drops the letter '-e-' from the middle when an ending is added:
| 
                                    Ihr habt Kopfschmerzen. Eure Köpfe tun euch weh.
                                             | = You have a headache. Your heads hurt. | 
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronoun „dieser”, „diese”, „dieses” – „this” – refers to people or things in close proximity. It is declined in the same way as the definite article.
| maskulin | feminina | neutral | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 
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| 
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| 
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| 
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The pronoun 'es'
'Es' stands for neuter nouns.
| 
                                    Das Baby ist krank. Es schreit die ganze Nacht.
                                             | = The baby is ill. It cries all night. | 
'Es' is also used in various expressions:
- 
        time        Wie spät ist es?= What time is it? Es ist 10.50 Uhr.= It is 10:50. 
- 
        times of day, seasons        Es ist Nachmittag.= It is the afternoon. Es ist Sommer.= It is summer. 
- 
        weather        Es regnet.= It is raining. Es ist kalt.= It is cold. 
- 
        state of health         Wie geht es Ihnen?= How are you doing? Mir geht es heute nicht so gut.= I am not doing too well today. 
- 
        other:        Was gibt es zum Abendessen?= What's for dinner? Es ist wichtig…= It is important... Es ist verboten…= It is forbidden... 
The pronoun 'man' - 'one'
The pronoun 'man' is used when the subject is an undefined person. 
'Man' always has the verb in the 3rd person singular.
| 
                                    Man lebt nur einmal.
                                             | = One only lives once. | 
| 
                                    Was macht man jetzt in der Türkei?
                                             | = What does one do now in Turkey? | 
'Man' is often used with modal verbs.
| 
                                    Hier kann man gut essen?
                                             | = Can one eat well here? | 
| 
                                    Darf man hier rauchen?
                                             | = Is one allowed to smoke here? | 
| 
                                    Man soll das noch heute machen.
                                             | = One should still do that today. | 
| 
                                    Man muss mehr lernen.
                                             | = One must learn more. |